Tare weight is the weight of an empty container. Gross weight (the total weight) = net weight (the weight of the goods) + tare weight (the weight of the empty container).
Swift code is a standard format of Bank Identifier Codes (BIC) and it is unique identification code for a particular bank.
These codes are used when transferring money between banks, particularly for international wire transfers. Banks also used the codes for exchanging other messages between them.
The Swift code consists of 8 or 11 characters. When 8-digits code is given, it refers to the primary office.
First 4 characters - bank code (only letters) Next 2 characters - ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code (only letters) Next 2 characters - location code (letters and digits) (passive participant will have "1" in the second character) Last 3 characters - branch code, optional ('XXX' for primary office) (letters and digits)
মৌজা ভিত্তিক ভূমির নকশা ও ভূমির মালিকানা সম্পর্কিত খতিয়ান বা ভূমি রেকর্ড প্রস্তুত কার্যক্রমকে ভূমি জরিপ বলা হয়। জরিপের মাধ্যমে নতুন মৌজা নকশা ও রেকর্ড তৈরী করা হয় ও পূর্বে প্রস্তুতকৃত নকশা ও রেকর্ড সংশোধন করেও ভূমির শ্রেণীর পরিবর্তনের সাথে মিল রেখে এবং মালিকানার পরিবর্তনের ধারাবাহিবতার সাথে সামাঞ্জস্যপূর্ণ কওর হালকরন করা হয়। এ যাবত কাল পর্যন্ত চার বার রেকর্ড কার্যক্রম চালান হয় এ দেশে। রেকর্ড গুলো হল:-
1 C S -Cadastral survey 2 R S -Revitionel survey 3 P S – Pakistan survey 4 B S- Bangladesh survey
ক) সি.এস. জরিপ (Cadastral Survey)
বঙ্গীয় প্রজাতন্ত্র আইনের দশম অধ্যায়ের বিধান মতে দেশের সম জমির বিস্তারিত নকশা প্রস্তুত করার এবং প্রত্যেক মালিকের জন্য দাগ নম্বর উল্লেখপুর্বক খতিয়ান প্রস্তুত করার বিধান করা হয়।
খ) এস.এ. জরিপ (State Acquisition Survey)
১৯৫০ সালে জমিদারী অধিগ্রহণ ও প্রজাস্বত্ব আইন পাশ হওয়ার পর সরকার ১৯৫৬ সালে সমগ্র পূর্ববঙ্গ প্রদেশে জমিদারী অধিপ্রহনের সিদ্ধান্ত নেয় এরং রায়েতের সাথে সরকারের সরাসরি সম্পর্ক স্থাপনের লক্ষ্যে জমিদারদেও প্রদেয় ক্ষতিপুরণ নির্ধারন এবং রায়তের খাজনা নির্ধারনের জন্য এই জরিপ ছিল। জরুরী তাগিদে জমিদারগন হইতে প্রাপ্ত তথ্যের ভিত্তিতে এই জরিপ বা খাতিয়ান প্রণয়ন কার্যক্রম পরিচালিত হয়েছিল।
গ) আর.এস. জরিপ ( Revisional Survey)
সি. এস. জরিপ সম্পন্ন হওয়ার সুদীর্ঘ ৫০ বছর পর এই জরিপ পরিচালিত হয়। জমি, মলিক এবং দখলদার ইত্যাদি হালনাগাদ করার নিমিত্তে এ জরিপ সম্পন্ন করা হয়। পূর্বেও ভুল ত্রুপি সংশোধনক্রমে আ. এস জরিপ এতই শুদ্ধ হয় যে এখনো জমিজমা সংক্রান্ত বিরোধের ক্ষেত্রে আর, এস জরিপের উপর নির্ভর করা হয়। এর খতিয়ান ও ম্যাপের উপর মানুষ এখনো অবিচল আস্থা পোষন করে।
ঘ) সিটি জরিপ (City Survey)
সিটি জড়িপ এর আর এক নাম ঢাকা মহানগর জড়িপ। আর.এস. জড়িপ এর পর বাংলাদেশ সরকার কর্তিক অনুমতি ক্রমে এ জড়িপ ১৯৯৯ থেকে ২০০০ সালের মধ্যে সম্পন্য করা হয়। এ জাবত কালে সর্ব শেষ ও আধুনিক জড়িপ এটি। এ জড়িপ এর পরচা কম্পিউটার প্রিন্ট এ পকাশিত হয়।
FCL = full container load LCL = less than container load, loose container load
CY = container yard CFS = container freight station
FCL/LCL – are to do with the space usage in a container FCL - full capacity / full payload LCL – eg: a shipper intends to have the consignments of 2 or more consignees for the same destination
CY/CFS – are to do with the location of the cargo delivery and receipt CY – forwarder’s/shipper’s/consignee’s container yard or premises CFS
– carrier’s container freight station (shipper has to deliver the cargo
to the carrier’s container freight station for loading)
In terms of container services CY/CY service = door-to-door service, full container from the shipper’s place to the consignee’s place
CY/CFS
service = door-to-port service, full container from the shipper's place
to the carrier's CFS at destination, consignee arranges the collection
of loose cargo
CFS/CY service = port-to-door service, loose cargo
from the origin's CFS packed into the whole container and deliver to
the consignee's place
CFS/CFS service = port-to-port service,
loose cargo from the origin's CFS packed into the whole container and
deliver the destination's CFS, consignee arranges the collection of
loose cargo
Trucking factoring is a process that makes it possible for you to
get paid almost immediately after you do work instead of waiting on your
customer to pay. With a truck factoring arrangement, you submit an
unpaid invoice to a factoring company. Then the factoring company gives
you an advance based on the amount of the invoice. Then when the
customer pays the invoice, the factoring company gets paid back for the
advance.
Advantages
Using truck factoring can provide you with a number of benefits as a
trucking company owner. Regardless of whether you run a big trucking
company or if you are a one man operation, you could benefit from this
method of finance. With factoring, you can speed up the time that it
takes to get your hands on the money that you need. In many cases, it
can take 30 or 60 days to collect on an invoice from one of your
customers. During the mean time, you need money to pay for gas and for
other expenses so that you can stay on the road. With factoring, you can
collect your money within 24 hours in many cases.
Another advantage of trucking factoring is that it doesn’t
necessarily depend on your credit. The factoring company is not
concerned with your ability to pay because you are not the one paying
back the advance. They are instead concerned with the validity of the
invoice, and the reputation of your customer. As long as you are working
with a customer who will pay back the invoice, you shouldn’t have to
worry about getting approved. This makes it easier to get access to
money than if you were trying to get approved for a loan.
Considerations
Although trucking factoring can open up new opportunities for your
business, there are a few things for you to understand before getting
involved in this arrangement. Before you agree to a deal, make sure that
you understand exactly what it is going to cost you. Some factoring
companies charge high rates for their factoring services. Others are
much more affordable and easy to work with. Look at your jobs to make
sure that you have enough profit built in before you agree to the deal.
You should also find out what it will take to get approved. Most of
the time, you will only have to fill out a simple form and then submit
the invoice to the factoring company for review.
You will also need to know exactly what it takes to get paid. Find
out how long it takes to get paid once you submit an invoice, and then
you can move forward with the deal to help get you the money you
require.
Regularly check tyre condition and air pressure. Optimum air pressure in the tyres of the bike is important for maximum road grip, stability, riding comfort and longevity of the tyres.
While under-inflated tyres wear unevenly, adversely affect handling, and more likely to fail from being overheated, over inflated tyres make the motorcycle ride more harshly, and more prone to damage from surface hazards, and wear unevenly.
Check your tyres for cuts and scrapes on your tires, which could cause a blowout. Also check the tyre treads once a week and have the wheels balanced and the alignment checked if the wear is uneven.
Engine oil plays an important role in ensuring smooth operation and maintenance of the bike and maintaining a correct engine oil level is important. Check engine oil level each day before operating the two–wheeler. Oil level should be between upper and lower marks. Top up engine oil if required. Check for oil leakage.
Clean the two-wheeler body surface regularly to maintain the surface finish. Before cleaning the motorcycle, ensure that the ignition switch unit, H.T. Coil and silencer are covered using plastic sheets.
Clean the motorcycle using low-pressure water. All painted surfaces should be washed only with water, as kerosene or detergent will damage the paint.
The motorcycle battery needs periodical maintenance to ensure a long and trouble free life. Check the electrolyte level against the top and bottom markings on the battery shell. Always top up with distilled water whenever required.
Check for any leakage from battery. It should be clean and free from any leakages. In case of non-use of motorcycle, battery should be kept fully charged and electrolyte level should be at Top mark.
Clean spark plug regularly. Every 750 km for two-stroke bike and every 1,500 km for four-stroke bike. Clean spark points (electrodes) with emery paper.
Keep carburettor clean. Every 1500 km, clean out the carburettor float chamber and other parts. Clean jets by forcing compressed air through them.
Keep both brakes properly spaced. Keeping them too tight (too urgent), or too loose (too late) is dangerous. Brakes should be tightened as per the rider’s personal style and requirement.
Check cables regularly for kinks, bends and frayed ends. Especially check ends. If one or more strands appear broken, replace immediately.
Always ensure that the tax is paid and Insurance cover (Insurance policy) is within validity period. Keep Tax Receipt and Insurance policy at home and keep xerox copy in bike.
Garment exporters yesterday urged the Chittagong Port Authority (CPA)
to further delay the launch of container terminal management software
as the country's weak transport system will need some more time to be
ready for such an upgrade.
They said, once the system is launched,
they will have to ensure loading of goods 72 hours before departure of
ships from the port.
But, now the garment exporters have to load
goods even minutes before departure of the ships, due to delay in
transporting goods for severe traffic jam, the exporters said.
Also,
production is delayed often due to inadequate supply of gas and power,
they said at a meeting on the introduction of Container Terminal
Management System (CTMS) at Chittagong Port for efficient cargo
handling.
“We want the CPA to delay the implementation of the CTMS
by one year so that we can prepare ourselves for it with the
improvement of roads and river transportation system,” said Shafiul
Islam Mohiuddin, president of Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and
Exporters Association (BGMEA), at the meeting at BGMEA auditorium in
Dhaka.
He also urged the government to upgrade the Dhaka-Chittagong highway to four lanes from the existing two.
The
government should also introduce the Pangaon and Khanpur river ports in
Narayanganj to help the exporters send goods through river routes,
Mohiuddin said.
CPA Chairman Commodore M Anwarul Islam said the
trial-run of the CTMS software was scheduled for last month to bring
global standards in the operations of the port.
But, the launch
was deferred on request of the garment exporters. “We have a plan to
introduce the CTMS on October 9 on a trial basis for three months,” he
said.
The implementation of the CTMS is an obligation for the CPA
as per the rules of the United Nations Conference on Trade and
Development, Islam said.
He said the implementation of the CTMS
will ensure proper planning of berth application, vessel, yard and
equipment, stripping, rail module, gate control and billing.
The CTMS also promises easy tracking of containers in real time and execution of plans, he said.
The
port handled around 1.5 million TEUs (twenty-foot equivalent unit)
containers in fiscal 2010-11, up from 1.21 million TEUs containers in
2009-10, he said.
AKM Salim Osman, president of Bangladesh
Knitwear Manufacturers and Exporters Association, and AK Azad, president
of the Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce and Industry, also
spoke.
The government installed the CTMS at $5.7 million financed by Asian Development Bank and the CPA itself.
An advising bank (also known as a notifying bank) advises a beneficiary (exporter) that a letter of credit (L/C) opened by an issuing bank for an applicant (importer) is available. Advising Bank's responsibility is to authenticate the letter of credit issued by the issuer to avoid fraud. The advising bank is not necessarily responsible for the payment of the credit which it advises the beneficiary of.
The advising bank is usually located in the beneficiary's country. It can be (1) a branch office of the issuing bank or a correspondent bank, or (2) a bank appointed by the beneficiary. Important point is the beneficiary has to be comfortable with the advising bank.
In case (1), the issuing bank most often sends the L/C through its branch office or correspondent bank to avoid fraud. The branch office or the correspondent bank maintains specimen signature(s) on file where it may counter-check the signature(s) on the L/C, and it has a coding system (a secret test key) to distinguish a genuine L/C from a fraudulent one (authentication) .
In case (2), the beneficiary can request the applicant to specify his/her bank (the beneficiary's bank) as the advising bank in an L/C application. In many countries, this is beneficial to the beneficiary, who may avail the reduced bank charges and fees because of special relationships with the bank. Under normal circumstances, advising charges is standard and minimal. In addition, it is more convenient to deal with the beneficiary's own bank over a bank with which the beneficiary does not maintain an account.
Simply put, trade document creation is the creation of the necessary documentation to satisfy import, export, customs, security, safety, port, and carrier requirements. Numerous documents are required by government bodies, customs, ports, and carriers, just to name a few, to move your products internationally. One industry estimate has noted that a single global shipment can require approximately 35 documents consisting of over 200 data elements to be created for up to 15 different parties.
Trade documentation is not something that should be taken lightly. Considering that a Purdue University Study concluded that the average cost per day of shipping time is approximately 0.5 percent ad-valorem and that a single error in documentation can cause a multi-day delay, it's easy to see how critical trade documentation can be.
This section overviews over five dozen different types of documents and variants that might be required when trading globally. The specific documents will depend upon the country being exported from, the country being imported o, the goods being shipped, the carriers shipping the goods, the ports and free trade zones being used, and other parties that the goods will come in contact with on their journey. In order to determine which specific documents are required, consult the affected customs agencies, ports, carriers, third parties, and a good lawyer versed in international law.
For more information on some customs and security regulations that mandate strict documentary requirements, please see the wiki-paper on Customs and Security Regulations.
Airway Bill / Air Transport Documents
A document made out by, or on behalf of, the shipper which evidences the contract between the shipper and the carrier(s) for carriage of goods.
Application for Foreign-Trade Zone Admission and/or Status Designation
An application made to a government authority to allow goods to enter a foreign trade or special economic zone with appropriate status to take advantage of the special regulations and reduced taxes that the zone offers.
Application for Permit
An application made to a government agency for an import permit.
BCL: Bank Comfort Letter
A document from the buyer's bank to inform the seller that the buyer has the financial capacity to issue a Letter of Credit, subject to bank formalities, should the buyer contract with the seller.
Bill of exchange
An unconditional order issued by a person or business which directs the recipient to pay a fixed sum of money to a third party at a future date.
Bill of lading
A contract between an exporter and an international carrier for transport of merchandise to a foreign market.
CCD: Cargo Control Document / Cargo Declaration
An itemized list of shipment contents, also known as a manifest.
Certified Invoice
A signed invoice, usually witnessed by a third party, issued by an exporter to certify a statement required by the importer.
Certificate of Analysis
A certificate that contains an analysis of the goods in question. Often required to demonstrate compliance with regulations.
Certificate of Authenticity
A certificate is a document from a seller verifying that the goods being sold are indeed authentic.
Certificate of Compliance
A certificate that states the goods have been inspected by an appropriate third party and found to be in compliance with the appropriate regulation(s).
Certificate of Damaged Goods
A certificate that indicates the goods are damaged. This is often required if a shipper wants to avoid certain import duties on goods that are not going to be sold (as-is).
Certificate of Importation
A certificate that states the goods in questions were imported.
Certificate of Origin
A certificate used to authenticate the country of origin of the indicated goods.
Certificate of Ownership
A certificate used to specify the owner of the indicated goods.
Certificate of Registration
Usually used to specify the designated entity is registered to act in a certain authority with one or more government agencies.
Charter Party
A contract between a merchant and a ship owner by which a ship is hired for the conveyance of goods on a specified voyage.
CI: Commercial Invoice
A common document used for clearing a shipment through customs that is used by customs officials to classify merchandise for proper assessment of duties and taxes.
Consular Invoice
A document certified by a consular official of a foreign country that describes a shipment of goods and is used by customs officials to verify the value, quantity, and nature of the shipment.
Courier receipt
A receipt by a courier used to indicate that goods have been received and shipped by the courier.
Custom Clearance Document(s)
Generally used for goods which are the property of, or destined to be used by, the US Armed Forces.
Customs (Pro Forma) Invoice
A basic entry document accepted by customs brokers and officers that is used to declare returned goods.
Customs Value Declaration
A document used to declare the value of the goods in the shipment.
Declaration of Consignee
A declaration made by an agent on behalf of a buyer or seller when goods enter or leave a country.
Declaration of Owner
A declaration made by an owner of goods when they enter or leave a country.
Deed of Assignment
Banking arrangement, under a letter of credit, whereby the Beneficiary of a letter of credit assigns part of the proceeds to a third party.
Delivery Certificate for Purposes of Drawback
A certificate indicating goods that are to be drawn-back have been delivered. Goods that are to be drawn-back are to be exported or destroyed without having been used in the country of importation.
Delivery Ticket
A document meant to signify delivery of a shipment.
Drawback Entry
The document containing a description of the exported or destroyed article on which a drawback is claimed.
Drawback Notice
An official notice that a drawback is about to be claimed.
Entry/Immediate Delivery or Summary
Used when the immediate release of imported goods to an importer or customs broker is required.
(EIS) Export Information Sheet
A document that specifies all of the relevant information about the items being exported.
Export Permit
A document that allows a corporation or individual to export goods.
FCR: Forwarder Cargo Receipt
Used to provide validation that a vendor has delivered the specified cargo and all related documents to the designated receiver.
FCO: Full Corporate Offer
A document prepared by the seller in response to an ICPO (Irrevocable Corporate Purchase Order) from a buyer indicating receipt and acceptance of the ICPO.
Facilitated Transit Document
An authorization for facilitated transport across land.
Foreign Assembler's Declaration
A declaration by the foreign party that manufactured the goods that accurately describes the goods, their unit value, and the contact information of the foreign party.
Health certificate
A certificate that indicates the goods are compliant with any relevant health codes.
ICPO: Irrevocable Corporate Purchase Order
A purchase order that states the full details of an order, including the details that will appear on the (pro-forma) invoice, that cannot be revoked.
Import Declaration
Used to declare goods being imported to a customs agency.
Import Permit
A document that allows a corporation or individual to import goods.
Insurance document
A document that specifies the type of, and conditions for, insurance on the corresponding goods.
Inward Cargo Manifest
A document that must be prepared by a carrier and presented to customs before the goods can be imported.
Letter of Instructions
Usually a document prepared by a seller or a buyer for a third party handling import and export of goods that contains instructions for the third party on the transport of such goods.
LC: DL/C Documentary Letter of Credit
SL/C Standby Letter of Credit
RL/C Revolving Letter of Credit
A (documentary) letter of credit is a legal document issued by a buyer's bank that indicates payment will be made upon presentation of required documents. A revolving letter of credit is used for regular shipments of the same commodity between the same exporter and importer in place of a documentary letter of credit. A standby letter of credit allows for the pledge of securities in an eligible account as collateral in lieu of traditional cash or bond down payment.
LOI: Letter of Intention
A document that acknowledges a willingness and ability of the parties to do business together.
Manifest of Goods / Merchandise
A list of goods being shipped.
Multimodal transport document
A document that contains instructions and information for two ore more different modes of transport.
Non-negotiable sea waybill
A waybill that allows goods to be delivered to the consignee without transfer of the waybill as soon as the bill of lading is processed.
Notice of Intent
An informational document generally filed to specify an upcoming import or export activity.
Post receipts
Documents generally used to confirm payments.
Packing list (Export)
Another term for a manifest.
Power of Attorney
A legal instrument used to designate legal authority to another person or entity.
Pro-forma Invoice
A document that states a commitment from the seller to sell goods to the buyer at specified prices and terms.
Quality Certificate
A certificate, usually issued by a third party, that indicates the goods meet a certain recognized quality rating.
Returned Goods
A document that indicates the goods are goods that are being returned.
Road / Rail transport documents
A document used to transport goods by road and rail, commonly used in the European Union.
SAD: Single Administrative Document
A standardized document that has replaced most of the customs declarations forms existing in the European Union member states.
SED: Shipper's Export Declaration
A declaration made by an exporter of the goods being exported and their associated value.
SLI: Shipper's Letter of Instruction
A document that provides shipping instructions to the shipper's freight forwarder.
SSE: Shipper's Security Endorsement
Generally speaking, a certification that the cargo does not contain any unauthorized explosives, incendiaries, or hazardous materials.
Temporary Import License
A license to temporarily import goods from a first country into a second country for the purpose of exporting them to a third country.
Third party inspection certificate
A certificate that confirms the goods have been inspected by a third party and found to be in compliance.
Weight certificate
A certificate that verifies the weight of a shipment.
Customer Approval
Before an order can be approved, the buyer must be checked against restricted and denied party lists.
Sales Order Receipt
Entered into your CRM (Customer Relations Management) system.
Order Approval
Additional screening may be required if the product is a restricted export or is subject to regulatory compliance in the destination country.
Transport Insurance
Preferably from a 3rd party.
Receipt of Financing
Either a letter of credit, open account, or other acceptable promisory note would be required before shipment.
Carrier Selection
Who is going to ship the product and how are they going to ship it?
Document Creation
Local Customs, affected Government Bodies, Ports of Exit, and Carriers, to name a few, are going to require the proper documents before the goods will be allowed to move.
Shipment Tracking
Probably using RFID and an on-line web-portal that lets the buyer know when their goods reach certain checkpoints.
Exportation
If all of the documents were properly created, the goods are allowed to leave the country.
Goods Delivery
After they are imported into the buyer's country, a goods receipt is created by the buyer and sent to the supplier's system.
Invoice Creation
An invoice is generated by the CRM system and sent to the buyer's system.
Payment Receipt
The buyer sends an electronic payment through an e-Payment system or gateway.
Reconciliation
The payment is reconciled with the invoice.
Tax Reclamation
If the exports included refundable value added tax, for example, the appropriate data is collected and documentation created for tax reclamation.
Purchase Order Generation
Via the buyer's e-Procurement system.
Transport Insurance
Preferably by way of a 3rd party.
Financing
Either through a letter of credit, open account, or other form of an acceptable promisory note.
Carrier Selection
Who is going to ship the product and how are they going to ship it?
Document Creation
Foreign Customs, affected Government Bodies, Ports of Exit, and Carriers, to name a few, are going to require the proper documents before the goods will be allowed to move.
Goods Departure
Once the paperwork is in order, the goods are loaded and they leave the supplier's warehouse.
Shipment Tracking
Probably using RFID and an on-line web-portal that lets the buyer know when their goods reach certain checkpoints.
Importation
Assuming the buyer created the appropriate documents for Customs, affected Government Bodies, Ports of Entry, and local carriers, and, gave appropriate notice, the goods clear customs and begin the final stage of their journey to the warehouse.
Goods Receipt
The goods are received and a receipt is sent to the supplier's system.
Invoice Receipt
An invoice, generated by the supplier's system, arrives in the buyer's e-Procurement system.
Reconciliation
3-way matching is performed against the purchase order, goods receipt, and invoice and, if everything checks out, the purchase is approved for payment.
Payment
An electronic payment is sent to the supplier through an e-Payment system or gateway.
Tax Reclamation
If the purchases included refundable value added tax, for example, the appropriate data is collected and documentation created for tax reclamation.
A negotiable document issued by a forwarder which will satisfy legal requirements for a letter-of-credit. Since a forwarder is not an NVOCC it cannot issue actual Bills of Lading. The FCR is a legally binding substitute for the B/L which was pioneered by Sea-Land and is now an industry standard.
Used to provide validation that a vendor has delivered the specified cargo and all related documents to the designated receiver.
When forwader company, acting as agents for the consignee, have received the
goods and all necessary documentation and payment of charges from the seller,
we issue a Forwarder’s Cargo Receipt (FCR). The seller will use the FCR to
confirm to the buyer and/or the bank that he has delivered the goods for shipment
and that the carriage is being arranged by Maersk Logistics.
forwader company will arrange the ocean transport and the ocean carrier will issue a
B/L (or SWB). The B/L (or SWB) is used to obtain release of the goods at
destination.
It is also possible to combine the use of the FCR with a House B/L or House SWB
if the customer is using a NVOCC to supply ocean carriage. If forwader company is
the NVOCC and has issued a HBL or HSWB, there is no need to also issue a FCR
unless there are specific reasons to do so (for example that the vendor’s L/C
requires a logistic company FCR).
In many ways the FCR document looks similar to the Bill of Lading and House Bill
of Lading. But it is distinctly different than a B/L, SWB, HBL or HSWB in that it does
NOT evidence a contract of carriage.
A FCR cannot replace the B/L, SWB, HBL or HSWB. It is always used together
with one of these documents.
FCR – Issuing Party
A Forwarder’s Cargo Receipt (FCR) is issued by a freight forwarder who is acting
as agent on behalf of the consignee.
FCR – Functions
The FCR functions as:
1. Receipt for the cargo
Following functions are NOT applicable to the FCR:
2. Evidence of contract of carriage
3. Document of title
1. Receipt for cargo
The FCR is a receipt by the agent / forwarder that the goods are in his custody.
The FCR does not confirm shipment and can therefore be issued before the carrier
B/L has been issued.
2. The FCR is NOT evidence of contract of carriage
The FCR does not evidence of a contract of carriage with the ocean carrier, freight
forwarder or NVOCC. The evidence of contract of carriage will be the document
issued by the ocean carrier (ie. the B/L or SWB) or the NVOCC (HBL or HSWB).
3. The FCR is NOT a document of title and it not used at destination
The FCR is NOT a document of title. It cannot be negotiated, and it cannot be
endorsed to other parties. The consignee cannot be “to order” and the consignee’s
name must be entered in full.
There is no requirement that a FCR is presented at destination to obtain release of
the goods. The release of the goods take place based on the B/L (or SWB). In fact,
the FCR is seldom used at destination. It is primarily a document for origin use.
Although the client’s SOP specifies that a FCR is to be issued together with a Sea
Waybill, there may be a few situations where a vendor insists to receive a
document of title / a negotiable document, a House Bill of Lading (DSL Star
Express B/L) can be issued instead of the FCR but it requires:
a. Confirmation from consignee (MLOG acts as agents for the consignee. We
should therefore seek confirmation from the consignee before we issue a
different document than the FCR. Preferably, we ask the consignee to ensure
that the shipper (and his bank and L/C) will accept the FCR instead of a HBL.
But, sometimes it can be difficult to change a L/C after is has been issued. The
consignee may therefore ask that a HBL is issued for this shipment. The
consignee should ensure that future L/Cs require a FCR instead of a document
of title)
b. If a HBL is issued, the carrier SWB or B/L must not be consigned to the same
person as the HBL. If Maersk Logistics issue a HBL, the carrier bill must be
consigned to logistic company , not the customer.
c. Clear notification and follow-up with logistic's company at destination (If a HBL is
issued instead of a FCR, MLOG at destination must receive a duly endorsed
original HBL at destination before the goods are released to the consignee.
MLOG at origin must ensure that MLOG at destination is made aware of this
requirement. For customers that usually operate under FCRs, it is an unusual
situation to have a HBL involved in the shipment. MLOG at destination will
therefore not be aware of the release requirements under the HBL unless they
receive clear notification from logistic company at origin).
FCR – Originals and Copies
The FCR is not a document of title and an original is not needed to effect release of
goods at destination. As such, there is no reason why the FCR should be issued as
an original document.
However, often the shipper (and the bank) will insist to receive an original FCR and
therefore the FCR is often issued in 3 originals and a reasonable number of copies.
It is actually more correct to issue 1 original FCR and a reasonable number of
copies (but 3 originals is market practice in some areas of the world today).
FCR – Forwarder’s Responsibility
The two main areas of responsibility of an agent / freight forwarder issuing FCRs
are:
1. Responsibility for correct description of the goods
2. Responsibility to care for the goods while in the agent’s custody
1. Responsibility for correct description of the goods
The consignee and the bank will rely on the description of the goods in the FCR
(quantity, condition, etc) to effect payment to the seller.
It is essential that logistic company clearly notes any damages or shortcomings on
the FCR or refuse to accept the cargo if the physical goods received do not match
the description.
logistic's company , acting as agents for the consignee, will arrange a carrier Bill of
Lading or Sea Waybill that covers the carriage performed by the ocean carrier.
logistic's company should ensure that the description in the carrier B/L (or SWB)
corresponds with the description in the FCR.
The consignee will expect to receive the goods as described in the B/L or SWB.
If a shipper requests a “clean FCR” in order to meet the requirements in his Letter
of Credit but the carrier will not issue a clean B/L (without any notation of
shortcomings or damages), Maersk Logistics cannot meet his request.
2. Responsibility to care for the goods while in the agent’s custody
This is closely related to what we have just discussed. Maersk Logistics is
responsible to take good care of the goods while they are in our custody. If we
damage the goods, we become liable towards the consignee.
However note that when goods are delivered to the carrier and covered by a
transport document (B/L or SWB), it becomes the carrier’s responsibility to care for
the goods.
Maersk Logistics is only responsible for the goods under the FCR as long as the
goods are in our custody. (This is distinctly different from a HBL/HSWB where we
take on responsibility as carrier).
FCR – Amendment
Should the shipper request an amendment to the FCR, the issuing agent should
ask to have the original FCRs returned.
Amendments should be made in writing and are subject to acceptance by the
forwarder. The forwarder must ensure that no changes to the description of the
goods are made that can affect his position towards the consignee.
FCR – Cargo Description
The procedures for FCRs follow the same rules as Bills of Lading and Waybills.
Cargo description
The transport provider cannot physically verify the contents of the cartons and
packages received from the shipper. For legal reasons, the description of the
goods must therefore always include the wording “Said To Contain” or “S.T.C.” to
signify that the transport provider is relying on the description of the goods supplied
by the shipper. Example: S.T.C. 1020 cartons of CD players.
If the forwarder knows that the description of the goods supplied by the shipper is
not correct (for example that cartons are damaged), the forwarder should note the
discrepancy on the FCR or refuse to accept the cargo and issue the FCR.
No. of packages
If cargo is lost while in the forwarder’s custody, it is the number of units as stated in
the “no. of pkgs” field that will be used for calculation of potential compensation to
the owner. For this reason, this field should always reflect the smallest number of
shipping units. Example: “5 pallets” instead of “50 cartons”.
Clauses
The transport provider should insert the clause “Shipper’s load, stow and count” if
the customer is loading the container at his premises.
FCR – Document Date
The receiving date on the FCR date must be the date on which the goods were
received by Maersk Logistics (or the CY-container was delivered to the carrier’s
terminal).
In some cases, the shipper may ask that the FCR is dated earlier or later than the
actual date in order to comply with conditions in his Letter of Credit. We should not
issue the FCR with an incorrect date - it would be seen as an attempt to defraud
the consignee.
FCR – Payment
The issuing agent / freight forwarder of a FCR, will usually not release the FCR to
the shipper until he has not only delivered the goods but also delivered all required
documents (export licence, commercial invoice, etc.) and paid all local charges that
are for the account of the shipper.
You should note that the FCR is not an invoice. It is a cargo receipt. Even though
the FCR is used in connection with the payment of charges at origin, it cannot
replace the issuance of an invoice. But origins may use the same number for the
FCR and the invoice.
FCR – Filing
There are no international requirements for filing of original FCRs. Please check
local procedures. There is no need to collect an original FCR at destination.
FCR – Why use this document?
The FCR document is used to facilitate payment.
When the shipper has delivered his goods to the agent / freight forwarder (and any
required documentation), he will receive the FCR as proof that the goods have
been delivered for shipment.
The L/C will stipulate which documentation must be in place before payment for the
goods will be effected. If the buyer and seller have agreed that the FCR is to act as
proof that the goods have been made available for shipment, the L/C must clearly
state that payment can be effected upon presentation of a Maersk Logistics FCR.
The advantage to the shipper of using the FCR to effect payment (instead of a B/L,
SWB or HBL) is that the FCR can be issued before the goods have been shipped
by the ocean carrier. Therefore, the seller can obtain payment for his goods faster
than if he had had to wait for the B/L to be issued.
To the consignee, there is an advantage when logistic company consolidates
goods from multiple shippers into one container. In such case, a separate FCR will
be issued to each of the shippers but only one carrier B/L (or SWB) will be issued
by the carrier. This will save the consignee documentation and customs clearance
fees at destination.
As you know, when a FCR is issued by Maersk Logistics, the carrier will issue a
B/L or a SWB. When a carrier B/L or SWB is issued, the shipper/seller under
normal circumstances has the right to amend the release instructions (e.g.
consignee name and destination).
By accepting a FCR, the shipper assigns the benefit of these forwarding
instructions to the consignee (buyer). In other words, the seller waives his right to
revoke any delivery instructions after he has delivered the goods to logistic's company , and logistic's company is not legally obliged to comply with the shipper’s
instructions after receipt of the cargo and issuance of the FCR.
logistic's company will comply with the buyer’s instructions.
You should note that although the FCR is used as a vehicle for payment, logistic's company is not involved in the monetary transaction and change of ownership
between the seller and the buyer. We issue the FCR as a receipt for the cargo.
FCR – Differences between FCR and carrier B/L
The B/L is issued by the ocean carrier. The FCR is issued by a freight
forwarder, acting as agent on behalf of a consignee.
The B/L is a document of title and can be endorsed. The FCR is not. The FCR
cannot be consigned “to order”.
The B/L is evidence of contract of carriage with the carrier. The FCR is not.
A duly endorsed B/L must be presented to the carrier at destination to obtain
release of the goods. The FCR does not have this function.
Under a FCR, logistic's company is only responsible for the goods while they are
in our custody. If goods are lost or damaged during transit, the client must file
claim against the ocean carrier under the B/L (or SWB).
FCR – Differences between FCR and carrier SWB
The SWB is issued by the ocean carrier. The FCR is issued by a freight
forwarder, acting as agent on behalf of a consignee.
The SWB is evidence of contract of carriage with the carrier. The FCR is not.
The readymade garment (RMG) sector is a success story for Bangladesh. The industry started in the late 1970s, expanded heavily in the 1980s and boomed in the 1990s. The quick expansion of the industry was possible because of the use of less complicated technology, cheap and easy to operate sewing machines, and relatively cheap and abundant female workforce.
But, apparel firms in the county have moved into a challenging position in the new millennium. The challenge is now to offer high-quality, low-cost products within a short lead time; and to meet health, social and environmental compliance in the face of increasingly stiff competition.
In order to provide very clear guidelines for our suppliers regarding our expectations and to maintain a high level of quality by insuring that all standards are correctly communicated, our methods are documented, and our specifications are defined
NATH Color Approval Program
Color is the customer’s first impression of total quality. When a customer picks up a product, color
is one of the most important factors of the buying decision.
NATH is committed to provide the customer with product of better quality.
We have developed some new procedures for color development & color process. We will
continuously update this information to improve product quality.
COLOR AND COLORIMETRY
What is Color
Color is what we see –an intuitive matter, an aspect of vision. Color is, in fact , a psychophysical way of response in which the human brain recognizes the different wavelength characteristics of light above a certain brightness level falling on the sensors in the retina of eye, called rods & cones.
A persons recognition of an object’s color is the result of a complex process involving the response of the brain to the interaction of light with the object. Numerical description of this three components-the light source, the object,& the observer-are all that is required to calculate the description of any color with an objective set of numbers. Other factors certainly influence our perception of color, but without these three components there is no perception.
Light /illuminant
Illuminants are described numerically with spectral power distribution as defined by the CIE (The International Commission on Illumination.). There are different light sources. Average daylight contains wavelength of all colors while other contains significantly different amount of energy. This variation in color content results in noticeable color changes when an object is viewed under day light and other sources.
Object
Reflecting light back to an observer, some of the light striking an object is absorbed, and some light is reflected by the object. The reflected light is what we see as a color.
Observer
Sensing the reflected light. Every one sees color differently, depending on biological & psychological difference.
Terminology and Color description
Without standardized color communication, describing the visual differences between two fabric swatches can be very frustrating. Color may be described in terms of an internationally adopted system of color scales.
These are the CIE dimensions of:
# Lightness L*- represents the degree of lightness or darkness, Value
# Chroma C*- represents the degree of brightness, saturation, or fullness
# Hue H*- represent the shade or cast of a color
In addition, the opponent scales of Red-Green (a*), and Yellow-Blue (b*) are also used.
These dimensions in color space are shown in the diagram on the following page from the Munsell Color Order System:
COLOR STANDARD
In order to get good result it is very important to start with a good color standard, and keep the same standard throughout the production chain.
NATH COLOR STANDARD
NATH have 46 own basic color standard valid for all styles to use season after season. The colors & the color codes never changed.
NATH develop this color with a special care & stock is available at our production office.
Suppliers are requested to collect all the exact color standard from NATH.
COLOR APPROVAL PROCESS
LAB DIP SUBMIT PROCEDURE
# Collect NATH color std. swatch from production office
# Use NATH lab dip submission form to submit lab dip
# Vendors must submit to the NATH office within 7 working days of receipt of request.
# Vendors must fill out the submit form with all required information. Reference both color
Name & color code, appropriate style etc.
# Factory’s spectral readings of each lab dip should be forwarded with the submits.
Attach the spectral printout to the back of each submission form.
# Lab dips should be in the correct fabrication/fiber content.
# Factory should submit lab dips that can meet all color tolerance and color performance requirements.
# For repeat colors on carry-over programs being done by same factory, resubmission of lab dip is not necessary unless indicated.
BULK OR PRODUCTION FABRIC SUBMIT PROCEDURE
# For confirming the shade continuity, it is recommended to vendors to get the approval of shade for each batch of all the color for every style.
# Bulk fabric will be evaluated visually against the NATH color standard, as well as the approved lab dip.
# Use NATH shade continuity form for submit dye lot for bulk approval. fill out all the required information of the form.
# For on going carry-over programs, bulk must be resubmitted for each new delivery to be evaluated for consistency to the established shade band.
COLOR EVALUATION
Both the visual & instrumental evaluation of the fabrics is done. During visual evaluation samples should be viewed at a 45 degree angle.
All lab dip, bulk sample shade band should be viewed under D65 as primary light source.
This light source very resembles with sunlight. They also have to view under TL84 secondary light source. As the light of Europe ware house are using this type of light source. Sample should be match under both light source with lowest metamerism.
For instrumental evaluation following methods should be taken care:(with spectrophotometer)
For DataColor SF600 or other version
1. Double plies for opaque fabrics. Light weight and translucent fabrics should be folded with at least 4 layers for measurement. Fabric should be placed directly on sample port holder.
2. Large area view (LAV) for Lab dip, Standard & Bulk.
3. Measuring Color: UV-filter Excluded
UV-filter Calibrator
4. Specular included
5. Measuring color:
Under illuminants/observer D-65-10Deg as primary light source, and TL-84-10Deg as secondary light source.
Measuring white:
Under illuminants/observer D65-10 Deg
6. All fabrics will be measured with the face towards the instrument.
7. Tolerance of Instrumental measurement are DECMC 1.0 (L: C = 2:1)
The color should meet our tolerances both visually and instrumentally.
However, Nath reserve the right to reject any lab dips or bulk sample if they are not within tolerance visually.
NATH COLOR EVALUTION SUBMIT FORM
Vendor name:
Nath Design Season:
Style:
Fabrication:
Fiber content:
Date:
Color Code: Color Name:
Submission Round: Round 1 Round 2 BCD
Min 3”x3” Lab Dip Size
Lab Dip Option #
Min 3”x3” Lab Dip Size
Lab Dip Option #
Min 3”x3” Lab Dip Size
Lab Dip Option #
Min 3”x3” Lab Dip Size
Lab Dip Option #
Lab Dip Approval Comments:
Signature of Color technologist:
NATH SHADE CONTINUITY SUBMIT FORM
Factory Name-
L/C no- Required Fabric-
Style- Lot No-
Color- Batch No-
Fabrication- Batch Qty-
Required G.S.M- Date -
Shade of the fabric
Signature (factory person) Authorize Signature
NATH Fabric Approval Process
NATH Fabric Approval Process
NATH is very much conscious about the quality of fabric. Because the performance & longevity of garments is depend on the quality of fabric. Our reputation depends on the quality garments we provide.
Every dye lot run through a factory must undergo a minimal quality checks including weight, shrinkage & color fastness to washing, water, wet crock & dry crock. Fabrics should meet these minimal quality checks in addition to the requirements outlined by NATH. This testing will be completed by internal testing laboratory at NATH. But if required we can nominate for third party testing. But the financial responsibility of those tests is of vendor.
Factory Should Supply Fabric Following Way:
# Send 30x30 cm dyed fabrics from bulk production of each lot for measurement of GSM, color fastness test.
# Send 60x60 cm fabric with over locked all sides for shrinkage & twisting test
# provided fabric should be of all single batches dyed for color & style wise requirement.
# Factory should provide all the required data such as batch no., batch qty, and total fabric requirement.
FOLLOWING ARE THE NATH QUALITY CRITERIA REQUIRED FOR FABRIC APPROVAL:
#Fabrication-
NATH have the following fabrics -
single jersey-100% cotton
single jersey-95/5% cotton/spandex
1x1 Rib-100% cotton
polo pique-100% cotton
# Dimensional Stability-
The dimensional stability test is designed to show how well a fabric keeps its shape after washing, washing usually results in shrinkage, although some fabrics can expand or gain after washing. For this test washing time, temperature, drying procedure are all specified.
# Color Fastness –
There are different types of color fastness which need to be tested as the color of a fabric can be affected by a variety of factors. for example-color fastness to wash , color fastness to dry & wet crocking, color fastness to bleaching, color fastness to perspiration, color fastness to light.
# PH-
PH value confirms the state of acidity or alkalinity of fabrics.
For NATH Fabric Quality Approval Following is the Performance Standard for Vendor:
A basic knowledge of color
Color Code: Color Name:
Submission Round: Round 1 Round 2 BCD
Signature of Color technologist:
Evaluation Original
B/wash After wash
